(sm1) asked me 2 promise (sm1) not 2 use unhealthy words anymore..(sm1) said is for my own good..but i believe thr is another reason???(i think (sm1) heard smting or saw my older posts??)but i wanna say dis..star u nvr did dis b4 leh..no offence..hee(but (sm1) cannot be compared wit star coz they are different^^)

oklo at least (sm1) gave me a word to replace..so i will try my best:)

and..i gonna wake up early 2 paint 2morrow..oh ya 4got 2 say my newly-wed cousins came back from their honeymoon in bali..hee..nice couple..^^

and i gonna catch bug wit my group on tuesday..ian soo lee ivan..so i hav 2 buy forceps later in the afternoon(now is monday d)..hee..last min oni prepare..(srry ian^^)

apa lagi leh..2day study phylum filicinophyta..dryopteris sp..lets see

dryopteris has rhizome n its leaves developed from thr,which are coiled and beneath the leaves surface are brown scales called ramenta..leaves are oso divided into pinnae which subdivides into pinnules..oh ya and young fronds(leaves) shows vernation which is uncoilin growth..rhizome oso bears adventitious roots..dryopteris oso is sporophyte dominant and its gametophyte is reduced 2 small prothallus(bryophyta is thallus ma)..bcoz filicinophyta is more developed it has true roots,leaves and stem,and has vascular tissues..how dryopteris reproduce??it has horseshoe shaped sori(which inside has sporangia which forms spores)..sori are located on underside of fronds(fronds bearin sori are called sporophylls)..inside sori they hav indusium 2 protect them and of coz,sporangia..(sporangium consists of annulus which are cells wit thin outer wall and thick inner wall)in da sporangium,mother cells undergo meiosis 2 produce spores(haploid) which in dry weather is released by da stomium(cells wit thin walls) of sporangium..durin dis process,sporangium raptures at the stomium and annulus put the spores outwards..the spores germinate 2 form prothallus(heart shaped gametophyte) which has rhizoids,chloroplast,antheridia and archegonium on its underside..antherozoids are released when prothallus are covered wit water,movin 2wards oosphere by chemotaxis..zygote develops and new sporophyte forms..

hee..byebye^^